Anorexia VS. Bulimia Essay Example for Free

Anorexia VS. Bulimia Essay The measure of weight for a youth to be thin nowadays, is over the top. Most dietary issues, similar to anorexia and bulimia, are beginning between mid to late immaturity. 0. 5 percent of womben experience the ill effects of anorexia, and one to three percent from bulimia. These are both genuine mental issue that are confused with each other constantly. As a matter of fact, they do have numerous likenesses, yet unmistakable contrasts. Anorexia and bulimia show numerous comparative side effects, which is one explanation they get mixed up so frequently. A portion of the indications are shortcoming and tipsiness, tooth rot, fixation on food, clogging, unpredictable heartbeat, and growing of the hands, feet, arms, and legs. One of the most particular contrasts is that bulimia is arranged as a complex intense subject matter, while anorexia is a blend of organic, mental, and natural issues. Albeit both are stressed over their weight, they approach food circumstances in an unexpected way. Physical indications of bulimia are more enthusiastically to perceive, except if on an exceptionally close to home level. For the most part, there are no conspicuous indications of weight reduction. This is on the grounds that during a normal eating gorge, one may devour from 3,000 to 5,000 calories in 60 minutes. A while later one feels an incredible since of blame, settling on the choice to cleanse to cause themselves to feel better. What one doesn’t acknowledge is, regurgitating after a feast will just dispense with 50% of the calories ingested. Bringing about that individual remaining at an ordinary weight. Be that as it may, the physical indications of anorexia are substantially more self-evident. This is a confusion that makes individuals fixate on their weight and the food they eat. They will claim to eat or lie about how much food they’ve really ate. They will endeavor to keep up a weight that is far beneath ordinary, starve themselves and exercise unreasonably. The contemplations of eating fewer carbs, food, and their body take up the majority of their day. Bringing about fast weight reduction. For an individual that endures with bulimia indulging is increasingly similar to an impulse. An individual starts to feel progressively wild. In spite of the fact that they may attempt, it is hard to recover control without assistance. Anorexia, then again, causes an individual to feel in charge, over atleast one perspective in their life. At the point when an individual endures with anorexia they may lose the capacity to see their actual self. This implies, regardless of how thin an individual gets, it’s never enough to them. They created odd or mysterious food rituials and turn out to be very focused with their self-perception, to the point that it causes significant wellbeing dangers. Fueled BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. Organization).

Having a Baby Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Having a Baby - Case Study Example Kathee's issues started with the uneasiness of origination. The couple made various endeavors at as our forefathers would have done it. They took a stab at timing the female cycle without much of any result. They utilized a technique considered the lunar cycle that demands the lady is increasingly ripe during a similar lunar stage as her introduction to the world. In edginess they tried different things with various places that they had found out about on the Internet. With no pregnancy they went to the clinical network for help. Needle therapy was modest and effortless yet didn't deliver any outcomes. A comparative dissatisfaction came about because of home grown fragrance based treatment. Kathee even persevered through the symptoms of ripeness drugs, however again no infant was delivered. As a last frantic endeavor, Kathee assented to obtrusive careful methods. Manual semen injection again yielded just frustration. Gamete situation, a muddled clinical technique, brought about just torment and mounting hospital expenses. If all else fails, Kathee attempted in-vitro treatment. After the long stretches of endeavoring to imagine a youngster, the uneasiness was briefly lifted when the home pregnancy test read positive. Despite the fact that the origination had been unpleasant, the pregnancy would end up being much progressively buried in tension. Kathee experienced the standard disorder that every pregnant mother to-be are harrowed with. She had extreme morning affliction. A sleeping disorder saved her conscious for unlimited days and evenings. As the pregnancy advanced she thought that it was increasingly hard to relax. Notwithstanding these 'ordinary' side effects, Kathee got seasonal influenza in mid term. Her ultra high fever undermined the wellbeing of the unborn infant. She couldn't securely take any medication to control her queasiness. She couldn't eat and was getting in shape when she ought to have been picking up. Similarly as it appeared she was free and clear, half a month prior to the child's booked appearance Kathee was determined to have hyperthyroidism, a genuine perilous condition. Her PCP verified that she must be treated with a test medicate. The medication must be regulated by m aking a few efforts for every day. The condition required close clinical management and Kathee had to make various outings to the specialist during these last weeks. Her side effects of disease and troubles, alongside the tension, quickly died down in the last days before her due date. Kathee was mitigated when she started giving birth with the acknowledgment that it would at last be finished. Nonetheless, she would confront considerably more prominent tension at the medical clinic. Upon her appearance she discovered that her primary care physician was gotten down on about a crisis and they didn't have the foggiest idea when to anticipate him. Her uneasiness expanded as the available to come in to work specialist was new to her case and would not like to settle on a choice. The nursing lack had left the pediatrics ward under-staffed and uneasiness filled the lobbies. Since this was her first child, Kathee didn't have the foggiest idea what's in store and there was nobody aside from her apprehensive spouse to support her. In the wake of being in the process of giving birth for what appeared to be an unfathomable length of time, her primary care physician showed up and more issues introduced themselves. He endorsed a painkiller [Name] Page 3 Article 2 that dropped Kathee's circulatory strain perilously low. As her circulatory strain dropped, she should have been associated with a breath gadget. At the point when her circulatory strain recouped, she was given a work inciting drug which didn't

All my pasts and futures

All my pasts and futures DID YOU KNOW? Beethoven wrote only one opera and it was called Fidelio. Tonight we had the Burton-Conner Trivia Competition. Prior to the competition, I sent an e-mail to my floor telling them to keep three things in mind. 1. The third-largest city in Ireland is called Limerick 2. Beethoven wrote only one opera and it was called Fidelio. 3. The first message ever sent by telegraph was What hath God wrought? The second one came up in the lightning round. Do you do quiz bowl? You should know these things! One of the questions was What is the more common name for lateral epicondylitis? I won the funniest answer prize (a free entree and drink at California Pizza Kitchen) for guessing leprosy. I dont know, I thought it was a pretty reasonable answer. I know I promised an entry on a portrait of my UROP as a young man, but I got so involved writing the stream-of-consciousness prose and doing chemical kinetics homework that it will have to wait until oh, lets say Thursday. No time you know what that means? PICTURE ENTRY! Presenting The World-Famous, Nationally Renowned, Often Copied But Never Cloned, Unforgettable (No Matter How Hard You Try), Super Phat, Super Fly, One and Only, MIT Marching Band. This picture needs no caption. We tried this one at 77 Mass Ave, but were unsucessful and almost died in Boston traffic. Note the lack of a shoe on Kim 09. Kim is dead. Another one of our many traditions is to cram the entire band into an elevator. However, its one wed gladly forgo if it meant we could get more than a dozen members in the band! This was the first day I had ever played tuba. I figured out that you can just not press down any valves and just do alternating Bb, F for most march songs. Sometimes we are a laying band, too. We are that talented. Actually, sitting here, looking up at the skylight with the bright March sky shining through it, we played the absolutely most transcendent rendition of We Are The Engineers I have ever heardI wish you were there to hear it. But maybe you can come on our Marching Tour of Campus during CPW. Tennis elbow.

Analysis Of Cloud Painter By Jane Flanders - 911 Words

Poems are short stories that have a meaning behind them without revealing them in obvious ways. Although some are confusing and may use a different style there are a few that present the same message even if they are written by a different poet. â€Å"Cloud Painter† written by Jane Flanders uses the clouds and the life around the earth to help the reader picture the true meaning of the poem. Robert Frosts poem by the name of â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† also takes the nature route to convey the point of his poems words and meanings. In Frosts poem, he uses the garden of Eden to help the reader to imagine where this idea is heading. In the first sentence Frost states that â€Å"Natures first green is gold† this represents the very first blooming†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In any case, the literal forms give way to something spectral, nameless. His palette shrinks to gray, blue, white–the colors of charity.† This line represents the change in the world that leads to everything falling apart limiting the options available to just a few. â€Å"Horizons sink and fade, trees draw back till they are little more than frames, then they too disappear.† As the painter’s palette fades so does his paintings meaning that the wonderful things that are taken advantage of also can disappear without leaving a trace of its presence? Frost offers that same idea when he simply says, â€Å"Then leaf subsides to leaf† to represent the beauty of the world slowly fading once again. The objects that are valued the most are often the ones that later drift away as they become old and go out of style so then they are forgotten and soon fade from memory. â€Å"So, Eden sank to grief, so dawn goes down to day† Think of the beginning of the day when the sun is just rising or just sitting there is so much beauty there, but as it fades into daylight the image loses its beauty without ever returning the same day. Waking up i n the morning and seeing the sun just rising brings relaxation and makes one think of all the ups and downs in life and how everything has taken its toll. These poems bring into

Gender Roles Are The Way People Act - 851 Words

Gender in â€Å"Baby Daddy† TV show, Essay â€Å"Gender roles are the way people act, what they do and say, to express being a girl or a boy, a woman or a man. These characteristics are shaped by society,† (Gender Roles) These roles constitute the standards of the society and they are transmitted from one generation to another by education. Children learn these standards since their birth. Parents teach them how to act, to say and to behave according to their sex. Also, children learn the gender roles from other sources like school, neighborhood and television. Actually, television is playing a significant role in the education of people. From different programs presented on television, children acquire many knowledge about how to live, to speak and to behave according to the roles attribute to men and women. In the USA, â€Å"Baby Daddy† television show is one of the program which teaches people about the gender roles. â€Å"Baby Daddy† show spreads the gender roles by three different ways, first by the way the personal characters of men and women are described, secondly, by the attitude of men and women toward the Domestic behaviors, finally, by the way professional occupation of men and women are presented. â€Å"Baby Daddy†, is a television show which demonstrates how a boy single parent assumes the parental responsibilities. In the season one, first, second and third episodes, Ben discovers a baby in front of his door abandoned by his ex-girlfriend. Ben decides to keep the baby and hopes toShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Gender Responsibilities1116 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles and gender division in biological perspectives were an issue in global societies. Even in today’s societies depending on the geographical areas around the world, gender roles are socially divided. However other geographic countries completely equal, such as Iceland. Laws such as a third gender option at birth, then decision followed by the child. The third gender option would be judged negatively in some other geographic parts of our globally social societies. What kind of impact doRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender957 Words   |  4 Pageshas regulations in which people have to obe y making social life be structured. Society has expectations for people to live by. People tend to live up to the norms in order to feel part of the world. Individuals do not want to be judged and labeled, so unconsciously live by the roles that they believe their gender has to follow. Gender is socially constructed concept in which society acts upon. The family is the first to influence individuals to this idea. Gender has roles in which boys and girls areRead MoreGender Socialization : The Real World1442 Words   |  6 PagesGender Socialization When someone is pregnant, people will usually ask for the sex of the unborn child thus proving that people are socially categorized from the beginning of life and is something that is continued throughout life. One is expected to behave the way their assigned gender is supposed to behave. Gender socialization is when people are expected to act a certain way based on their â€Å"gender†. Through the following agents: family, schools, peers, and media, gender socialization is emphasizedRead MoreShould Children Be Exposed From Gender Roles?973 Words   |  4 PagesShould Children Be Exposed To Gender Roles? In modern day America there is an ongoing disagreement between people of all ages about the topic of gender roles in children. 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From the moment ofRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreGender Roles in the Hunger Games Essay777 Words   |  4 Pagesit natural for people to act outside the boundaries their gender? In todays society the answer is no and most people see it as unacceptable act. In The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, Katniss must endure a brutal competition where the last kid standing wins. 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The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 13 Free Essays

Cassie and Nick heard fire trucks in the distance as they walked toward Cassie’s house. To extinguish the burning trees, Cassie figured. They sped up their pace to be safely out of the line of suspicion for arson. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was no telling what angle the hunters would take in order to destroy them. Once they were safely shut into Cassie’s house, Nick went into overdrive. â€Å"We should tell the others,† he said. â€Å"We should get them all over here right now.† His clothes were soaked through from the rain, and his hair dripped down in front of his face. â€Å"Wait,† Cassie said, moving from the kitchen to the living room. â€Å"There’s time for that.† She retrieved two large bath towels from the linen closet and tossed one at Nick. â€Å"Dry yourself off,† she said. He laughed. â€Å"I guess we are a little wet.† In one swift motion, he pulled his T-shirt over his head and wrung it out over the kitchen sink. Cassie caught herself gaping at his muscular torso and quickly turned away. â€Å"I’m going to go change,† she said, running off to her bedroom. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† When she returned, Nick appeared mostly dry, and his shirt was thankfully back on. But so were his shoes, and Cassie knew Nick was about to bolt. â€Å"You know what?† Nick said, moving toward the door. â€Å"I’m going to go home and take a hot shower. Then I’ll let â€Å"I’m going to go home and take a hot shower. Then I’ll let the others know what happened.† As much as Cassie wanted Nick to stay there with her, she knew she had to let him go. â€Å"A hot shower does sound nice,† she said. Nick paused with his hand on the doorknob. â€Å"I assume you’ll take care of telling Adam.† Cassie nodded. But once Nick was gone, all she could do was sink into the couch. She lost track of how long she was sitting there, but it was long enough that when her mother came home, she startled as if woken from a dream. â€Å"It’s such a nice day outside,† her mother said. â€Å"You should be out by the water.† â€Å"No, I shouldn’t.† Her mother had just been to the farmer’s market. She hauled overstuffed bags of fruits and vegetables onto the kitchen countertop, oblivious to Cassie’s mood. â€Å"Are you hungry?† she asked. â€Å"I’ll make some lunch.† â€Å"Mom,† Cassie said, and the way she said it finally captured her mother’s attention. â€Å"What is it?† she asked, and joined Cassie on the couch. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Just a scare. But I’m pretty sure it was the hunters.† Her mother’s face paled. â€Å"So they’re not stopping with Constance.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"I’m afraid not. I need you to tell me what you know about them.† Cassie could hear the pleading in her own voice. Her mother was visibly uneasy. â€Å"I don’t know much,† she Her mother was visibly uneasy. â€Å"I don’t know much,† she said. â€Å"But there is one story from when I was much younger.† Cassie drew in her breath as quietly as possible. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"Back when I was with your dad.† Cassie tried to remain perfectly still, to not make the slightest sound, nothing that could disturb the delicate balance of this moment – a story about her father. â€Å"We were on a road trip,† her mother said, staring straight ahead. â€Å"With some friends. And we had a run-in with a hunter family. One of our friends was marked with an ancient hunter symbol.† Cassie thought back to the symbol she saw on Constance’s forehead. â€Å"The W inside the hexagon,† Cassie said. â€Å"Yes.† Her mother swallowed hard. â€Å"It’s the way the hunters determine their victims. Once you’ve been marked, it’s nearly impossible to escape ultimate death.† Cassie made no reaction. She let her mother continue. â€Å"But your father saved my friend. And we all escaped.† â€Å"So he wasn’t all bad,† Cassie said. Her mother tried to smile. â€Å"He was powerful. People were afraid of his intensity, but when he cared about something, he was fiercely loyal to it.† Her voice quivered. â€Å"And he was charming. I couldn’t resist him, and I loved that I was all his, and he was all mine. I was special in his eyes. That’s how I got him to save my friend from the witch hunters. He did it all for me. He would have done anything for me.† A single tear fled down her cheek like a winding river. She quickly wiped it away with the top of her finger. â€Å"Ultimately, he put his desires in front of everyone else’s, but there was a reason I was with him in the first place.† This was a totally new side of Cassie’s father, a side she had never known, never even considered. And she suddenly realized something. Her mother had genuinely loved John Blake. Real love. The way Cassie loved Adam. The kind of love that doesn’t go away just because the person turns out to be different than you thought. When Cassie reflected on this, she understood why it was so difficult for her mother to talk about him. It wasn’t that she was being distant or secretive; she was still hurting. Cassie threw her arms around her mother and squeezed her too hard. â€Å"Thank you for telling me,† she said. â€Å"About him.† Cassie sat thinking, trying to process all she’d just learned. She tried to picture what her mother was like when she was happy and in love. And she imagined what it would be like now if her parents were still together. But in this mental picture her father was a regular man, a husband, and a father – not a force of evil. It was wishful thinking, in no way useful to Cassie now. Whether or not he was ever good, Cassie had to remind herself of what her father had done. â€Å"I wish I knew more about the hunters that would be helpful,† her mother said. Her eyes glazed over for a moment, and Cassie assumed their conversation was over. But then her mother said, â€Å"We can leave, you know, if you want to. We don’t have to stay in this town.† â€Å"I can’t leave,† Cassie said, taken aback. â€Å"And you know that.† â€Å"I thought that once, too,† her mother said. â€Å"But it isn’t true. You can always leave.† Cassie moved carefully toward her mother. â€Å"You’re the one who brought me here, remember?† â€Å"And I can be the one to take you away.† Her mother met her eyes sharply now. â€Å"I won’t run away,† Cassie said, her voice cracking with emotion. â€Å"You won’t run away because of Adam.† Her mother said it as a statement rather than a question. As if it were a weakness that she knew too well. â€Å"I won’t run away because I took an oath,† Cassie said. Her mother started crying again, not just one single tear this time but many, as if a dam had broken inside her. â€Å"I never wanted this for you,† she said. â€Å"This is exactly what I’ve spent my entire life trying to protect you from.† â€Å"I know.† Cassie strived to sound unafraid. â€Å"But the best way you can protect me now is to keep talking to me, keep telling me things I need to know from the past, even if they’re hard to talk about. Because I don’t have anyone else to tell me these things but you.† Her mother opened her arms, and Cassie let herself be held. â€Å"I promise you, Cassie,† her mother said. â€Å"All I want is for you to be safe.† They cried together for a little while, holding each other. It felt to Cassie like they were in mourning, grieving a death, and perhaps in a way they were. The death of the protective silence between them, and of their secrets and lies. The death of normalcy. Her mother rubbed soft circles into her back and told her everything would be okay, that they were in this together. For the first time, Cassie felt like a daughter. Later that night, Cassie went to Adam’s to tell him about the hunter’s attack on the beach. They rarely hung out at his house, and she was happy for the change of scenery. She loved being in his bedroom. Lying on his bed, she couldn’t help but imagine him sleeping there, wrapped in those same sheets, with his features softening innocently as he dreamed. She gazed around the room and observed his things, everyday items that would have no meaning to her if they didn’t belong to him – his schoolbooks stacked on his desk, his sneakers piled haphazardly in the closet, and a pair of jeans strewn on the floor. She could almost see him coming home from school, tossing the books down, kicking off his shoes, and stepping out of his jeans into something more comfortable. She felt an affection for the whole scene as she imagined it, and for every object he touched – by extension, it was all a part of him. Adam returned to the room with some snacks and drinks in hand. He closed the door behind him. â€Å"Sorry it’s a little messy in here,† he said. â€Å"I tried to clean it up, but . . .† â€Å"It’s perfect just like this,† Cassie said. He joined her on the bed, and she had the sudden urge to start rubbing his shoulders, to kiss his face and his neck – to forget all about the awful storm on the beach. Adam’s breathing slowed, and Cassie could sense he was thinking the same thing. He swept his fingers suggestively across her thigh. â€Å"You look beautiful tonight,† he said. â€Å"But I’ve been worried about you. What happened today?† His hand slid from her thigh up to her hipbone, which was his favorite place to touch her. Cassie took a deep breath and sat up. â€Å"I went for a walk on the beach, and I ran into Nick,† she said. Cassie paused to read Adam’s expression, but his face remained neutral. â€Å"And I was glad to see him,† she continued, â€Å"because you know I’ve been trying to repair my friendship with him any way I can. But we’d just got to talking when the sky turned black and this awful storm started. We knew immediately by the looks of it that it was something supernatural.† â€Å"The hunters,† Adam said. Cassie nodded. â€Å"We couldn’t get away fast enough. Lightning bolts were flying straight for us. One would have . . .† Cassie felt herself get choked up. She struggled to swallow down the knot that had formed in her throat. â€Å"Nick risked his life to save me, Adam. I would have been hit if he hadn’t acted so quickly to push me out of the way.† Lines formed on Adam’s forehead, but he stared straight down at the bedspread. â€Å"He proved himself a real friend in that moment,† Cassie said. â€Å"To both of us. Don’t you think?† Adam continued looking down for a moment before raising his eyes to meet hers. â€Å"Yes, you’re right,† he said, and then shifted uncomfortably. Cassie could see by the way he tightened his jaw that he was bothered it was Nick who had saved her, but he would never say that. â€Å"I wish I’d been there, but I’m glad you’re okay.† Adam took her hands and massaged them in his own. He brought them to his lips and kissed them. â€Å"I don’t know what I would have done if you’d been hurt.† He kissed the inside of her wrist and up her forearm. Cassie knew where this was leading. As difficult as it was, she forced herself to remove her arm from his grasp. â€Å"There’s more,† she said. â€Å"I talked to my mom. Really talked to her.† Adam refocused his attention and sat up straight. â€Å"And?† â€Å"She told me about my father. You know he wasn’t all bad, Adam. She really loved him.† Adam seemed unsure of how to react. Black John was always a touchy subject between them. â€Å"I know how that sounds,† Cassie said. â€Å"But try to imagine it. Being in love with someone the way we are, truly in love, and then losing that person to the dark side.† Adam shook his head. â€Å"I don’t want to imagine that.† â€Å"Neither do I, so think about how awful it must have been for my poor mother.† Cassie could feel her emotions getting the best of her, and she fought the urge to start crying. Adam reached for her hands again. â€Å"I can hardly think of anything worse,† he said. â€Å"But it’s good that you can understand it now. I’m glad you had this breakthrough with your mom.† Cassie let her eyes wander around Adam’s room. For some reason it was difficult to look at him just then. Instead, she focused on the poster taped to his wall, of some band she’d never heard of. â€Å"I’m sure your father was easy to fall in love with,† Adam said. â€Å"He was a charismatic man, a natural leader. Your mother’s smart – she wouldn’t have been with him otherwise. It wasn’t her fault, what happened.† Sometimes Adam knew just what to say. It was a subtle shift in Cassie’s mind, but all of a sudden she felt at ease. If Adam didn’t blame her mother, in a way that meant he didn’t blame Cassie either. She locked eyes with his and reached for him. â€Å"The important thing is that you’re okay,† Adam said, allowing himself to be drawn in. â€Å"And that we’re together.† Cassie lay back, and Adam curled up next to her, pulling her close. She loved him so much, it almost ached. She felt she could never get enough of him. Adam kissed her passionately and then paused for a moment. â€Å"With everything going on,† he said. â€Å"I’m just relieved – â€Å" Cassie put her fingers over his mouth to quiet him. â€Å"Enough talking,† she said, and pulled him closer. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 13, Essay examples

Business Law Case Law Under Contract

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Case Law Under Contract. Answer: Solution 1 Issue Whether there is a contract between Carmelo and Derrick? Relevant Law Elements of contract A contract is an agreement which can be enforced as per law of the land. A contract is formed when an offer is made by one i.e. an offeror to another i.e. an offeree, and offeree accepts the same. But only offer and acceptance alone does not concludes a contract rather there should also be consideration in return of the promises to be performed, contractual intention of the parties and the parties who are in contract must be major and of sound mind i.e. they must have contracting capacity. Thus, the basic contract elements are: (The LawHandBook, 2016). An offer is an intention of an offeror to be in a contract which is communicated by him to another (offeree). An acceptance is said to occur when the offer of the offeror is confirmed by the person i.e. an offeree to whom it is made. Capacity means that the parties to a contract must be of sound mind and major and be capable of contracting. The parties who are entering into a contract must have the intention to bind each other legally and want to be in legal relation with each other. A consideration is the sum whether in kind or cash which is paid to the person who performs the promise as per the contract. But, as per the requirements, the elements of intention to be in legal relation and consideration have to be analyzed in the present answer. Consideration A consideration is the motivation which is given to the performer of the contract so as to perform the promise as per the terms of the contract. The basic elements that govern consideration are: (Lawskool, 2016). A consideration may be in monetary terms or it may also be in kind. A consideration can be related to present or future event. But in case if consideration is related to past promise then the same is not valid and is not considered as a good consideration and is held in Roscorla v Thomas (1842). A consideration is valid when the same is not adequate but must be sufficient. (Chappell v Nestle (1960)). When the promisor after the compliance of the service promises to pay for such service then in such kind of promise any past consideration is valid and enforceable and is held in Ipex Software v Hosking (2000). In case when additional consideration is being added to any promise which already exists between the parties then such additional consideration must accrue due to some additional benefit. In case there is no additional benefit that is accruing due to that extra consideration then that additional consideration is not enforceable by the parties to the contract and is held in (Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615)). There can be consideration even between the persons who are in domestic or social relations. for instance in Dunton v Dunton (1892) the husband promised to pay wife if she behaved in a particular manner and the wife did so accordingly. Then it was held that it was a valid consideration and the contract is valid. (McKendrick Liu, 2015) Intention To Be In Legal Relation An intention to be in legal relation means that the parties to the contract must have the intention to be legally bound by the words of contract and perform the promise as stated in the contract. Their intention must be to be in legal and contractual relation and their intention must not be casual. The basic principles that govern the legal intention are: (J Clark, 2016). Generally, in case of the commercial connections it is presumed that the parties have intention to be bound themselves and there is intention to be in legal relation. This presumption always prevails unless it is rebutted by any of the parties. For instance, In case law of Rose and Frank Co v Crompton [1923] the parties though were in an agent and principal relation with each other but then also the intention to be in legal relation was not there. Likewise in case of social and domestic connections, the presumption is that there is no legal intention unless the same is rebutted by any party and is held in Balfour v Balfour (1919). On the contrary, in case law of Jones v Padavatton (1969) the intention to be in legal relation was found to be present in the domestic or social relations between the parties to a contract. The presence of element of intention to be in legal relation depends upon the situation and circumstances. In one situation the intention may be present but the same may be absent in another situation. Application of law Derrick and Carmelo were cousins and Derrick was requested by Carmelo to book a seat in NBA event. Derrick makes an offer and specifies that one place is left and points that a premium travel/accommodation at a price of $25,000 is available. To this Carmelo replied that he can only pay $20,000 and rest can be recovered from the services which Carmelo had offered Derrick over the years. To this Derrick accepted and asked Carmelo to deposit the amount of $20,000. In instant case, the intention of both the parties is very clear that they wanted to be in legal relation. Although being cousins the general presumption may states that they do not had any intention to bind themselves and to perform the promise. But, the partys intent to abide by the contract legally and thus there is presence of the legal intention. In case of consideration, there is consideration but the part of consideration is related to past as Carmelo asked to adjust an amount of $5000 towards the work done by Carmelo in past which is not valid as per law as only for the present work and future work consideration is valid and not for work done in past. Also, Derrick never promised to adjust the payment as only it is the promisor who can promise consideration after the completion of the work. Conclusion Thus, there is an offer and acceptance along with legal intention. But there is no valid consideration as it relates to past which is not good and hence there is no contract between them. Solution 2 Issues Whether all the elements of an agreement required for the formation of an enforceable contract are present in the transaction between Carmel and Derrick? Whether Carmelo as per law can force Derrick to provide him with the premium travel and accommodation for the tour? Relevant Law A contract is sum of an offer, its acceptance along with consideration, intention of parties to bind themselves and capacity of the parties. An agreement comes into existence as and when an offer is made and the same is accepted. Thus, mere offer and acceptance brings an agreement into existence. But if the other elements of contract, that is, consideration, capacity and intention are also added to an agreement then it is valid contract. Thus, form above statement it can be stated that all the agreements are not contracts but all contracts are agreements. An agreement is a wider term as compared to a contract. (The LawHandBook, 2016) Now, as per the given problem it is presumed that there is presence of consideration and intention to be in legal relation in the transaction between Carmelo and Derrick. The other contractual elements that is, offer and its acceptance must be analyzed. Offer An offer is the intention that is communicated by one party to another party for the formation of contract with each other. The one who communicates his intention to be in contract with other is an offeror. And the second party to whom the same is communicated is an offeree. The concept of offer was discussed in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). An offer can be for a specific person or for the general public. In case it is for a specific person then only that person can accept the offer but if the offer is for the world at large then anybody can accept the same by acting upon it. For example, If A offers to give an award of $500 to anybody who finds his dog and on this B knowing the offer finds the dog and hands over to A then in that case A is bound by his words and will have to pay B. Also, an offer is complete when same is communicated to the person for whom it is intended. An offer must be clear and specific as a vague offer is not a valid offer. An offer can be made oral ly or by written mode also. Acceptance An acceptance is said to occur when the offer made by an offeror is assented by the offeree. In case the offeree does not assents to the offer with the terms contained in it and thus gives his own terms prior accepting then in that case the same is not acceptance but rather a counter offer is made by the offeree to the original offeror and is held in Hyde v Wrench[1840]). In case of counter offer, the counter offer becomes the new offer and this can be accepted or rejected by the offeror. If the offeror who made the offer at the first instance accepts the counter offer then there is a contract otherwise not. But once the counter offer is made the original offer of the offeror cannot be accepted by the offeree without assent of the offeror as it ends upon the counter offer coming into play. An acceptance is complete when it is communicated to an offeror and is held in R v Clarke(1927). But in case of postal acceptance rule the acceptance is complete when the letter regarding acceptance is posted or put in transit. It does not matter when the same reaches the offeror, once the same is posted then the acceptance is said to be complete. An acceptance must be same and should be mirror image of the offer. In case of deviation in acceptance of an offer the same is not termed as a valid acceptance. When all the elements of contract are present then only a contract comes into existence. Application of Law Issue 1 An offer is made by Derrick to provide his services to Carmelo $25,000. But Carmelo replied to Derrick that Carmelo can only pay $20,000 and rest can be adjusted by Derrick for the work done by Carmelo over the years. Derrick made an offer to Carmelo to which Carmelo made a counter offer and thus the original offer of Derrick came to an end. Derrick then accepted the offer of Carmelo and stated that she should deposit amount in Derricks account. As from the above facts it is clear that there was an offer and it was accepted so there is a concluded agreement as an agreement only should have offer and acceptance which are thus there. Further, in order to be categorized as a contract the agreements must have intention to be in legal relation, consideration in return of performance of promise and the parties to the contract must have capacity to be in a contract. In the given problem, it is presumed that the consideration and intention to be in legal relation is already present, so the only left out ingredient are capacity of parties which is assumed to be present in the given case. Thus, since all the ingredients from offer, acceptance, consideration, intention and capacity all are present so there is a concluded contract. Issue 2 In case Derrick breaches his promise as made to Carmelo then Carmelo can surly seek action as per the law of contract but cannot force him to provide his own premium travel and accommodation for the tour Conclusion There exists an agreement between Derrick and Carmelo. Thus the contract is enforceable by law and Derrick will have to fulfill his promise as made to Carmelo or else he will have to pay damages to Carmelo. Reference List Books/Articles/Journals McKendrik Liu. 2015. Contract Law: Australian Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Case laws Balfour v Balfour (1919) Chappell v Nestle (1960). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). Dunton v Dunton (1892). Hyde v Wrench[1840] Ipex Software v Hosking (2000). Jones v Padavatton (1969) Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Roscorla v Thomas (1842). Rose and Frank Co v Crompton [1923]. R v Clarke(1927) Online Material Clark J, Intention to create legal relations (2016), Accessed 25th October 2016. https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-intention.html. Lawskool. Contract Law summary (2016), Accessed 25th October 2016. https://www.lawskool.com.au/content/contract_law_summary_2012_-_sample.pdf. Moles Bangia, Consideration - in Acceptance of Contract (1998), Accessed 25th October 2016. https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp. The LawHandBook, Essentials elements of a contract, (2016), Accessed 25th October 2016. https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/.

The Populist Persuasion Essays - Populism, Political Terminology

The Populist Persuasion : The Populist Persuasion Populism is a movement begun in the mid-1890s by farmers and other rural residents at the time. It quickly gained strength and has undergone many changes since then. It has not only changed in its views, but also in the political parties who utilize it not as an ideology but rather as a mode of persuasion. Populism is defined in the book as a language whose speakers see the American people as one and not as a people bound by class restrictions, who see the elite politicians who oppose them as self-serving, and who wish to bring these average Americans together to fight against the overbearing powers of the political elite. Populist speakers in the United States voiced their discontent with elites who ignored, corrupted, or betrayed the ideal of American democracy, which consisted of rule by the common people. After the farmers created what we know as populism in the mid-1890s, there was a parting of the ways. In the early twentieth century, farmers' enthusiasm waned but two other groups' did not. These groups consisted of the wage earners and the evangelic churchgoers. They argued that unions were now the best representation of the average man. At the same time, middle-class Protestants were mounting campaigns as well.. This was the first transition of the populist movement. . The second transition came in the late 1940s when populism began a migration from Left to Right. Conservative groups and politicians altered the speeches once given by reformers and radicals. Many reasons are given in the book as to why this transition took place. Some of these included: the onset of the Cold War, the fact that most white Americans came to see themselves as middle-class consumers and taxpayers, and the growth of evangelical churches whose political stance was as conservative as their theology. Gradually and unevenly, a conservative populism emerged that promised to defend devout, middle-class communities against the governing elite. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, many experimented with this new shift in group. However, conservatives did not fully understand populism's potential for persuasion during elections until the 1960s. Mainly, this indoctrination came from George Wallace. Wallace rallied up the south's people; his people. His people had unglamorous jobs and a culture that treasured close families and a steady faith in God and country. They were fed up and were going to turn this country around. He managed to look and sound more like an ordinary, working American than did anyone of distinction on the white Left. Unfortunately for Wallace, though, his style made him seem part of the crisis rather than essential to solving it. He was too authentically populist, too blunt and imprudent an outlet for the anger of his followers to attract other voters who simply wanted the nation's troubles to end. Nevertheless, beginning in the late 1960s, conservative activists and politicians - mostly Republican - re-created themselves as the true representatives of average white Americans. They learned to breed the same mass resentments that George Wallace had spoken of but had been unable to ride to victory. In order to achieve what Wallace had failed in doing, a softening of his definition of the people was required. Instead of suggesting a takeover by angry steelworkers and street cops, conservatives announced their understanding of the concerns of the silent majority of producers and consumers - taxpayers, white nationals, housewives, middle Americans who felt betrayed by the New Left. By the end of the 1960s there was a shared dislike, among most, of the governing and cultural elite and its supposed friends in the ghettos and on campus. By the late 1980s it was clear that the American conservatives had not succeeded in establishing a new political order. The populist politician no longer had the face of a conservative nor the face of a liberal. Populism had jumped from the hands of the Left to the hands of the Right through time and continues today as a movement striving to survive in a society in which populism has even been used by advertisers as a fad. Populism is, in my opinion, a necessary component of democracy today. However, I believe that put to use in the appropriate manner is the only way in which it

Free Essays on El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos)

El Greco Spanish, 1541 Domenikos Theotokopoulos was born – He died in 1614 Domenikos Theotokopoulos, called El Greco, which means The Greek was born in 1541 in Candia , now Irklion, the capital of Crete. In 1566 he was recorded in Candia as a master painter. He was an erudite man, whose taste for classical and contemporaneous literature seems to have developed in his youth. El Greco probably went to Italy to master the modern Western Renaissance style. He is documented in August 1568 in Venice, where he remained until the autumn of 1570, when he went to Rome. The rich colors and the free handling of paint of Venetian painters profoundly influenced him, but there is no evidence to support the tradition that he was apprenticed to Titian. In Rome, El Greco resided at least for a while at the Farnese Palace, where he became acquainted with the Farnese librarian, Fulvio Orsini, whose belief in the compatibility of art and scholarship seems to have profoundly influenced him. In 1572, El Greco was admitted to the Academy of Saint Luke as a miniature painter. Unable to obtain major public commissions in Rome, El Greco signed a contract in 1576 in Rome for altarpieces for the important church of Santa Domingo el Antiguo, Toledo. By July 1577 he had arrived in Toledo, and by September 1579 he had completed nine paintings for Santo Domingo. These works helped to establish his reputation as the most gifted artist in Toledo. The dissatisfaction of Philip II with the Martyrdom of Saint Maurice, which El Greco completed in 1582 for the church of El Escorial, effectively ended any hopes of royal patronage that he may have had. It is perhaps for this reason that he decided to remain in Toledo, where he had come in contact with a group of learned churchmen who appreciated his work. By 1585, El Greco appears to have established a corporate workshop capable of producing altar frames and statues as well as paintings. The decade 1597 to 1607 was ... Free Essays on El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) Free Essays on El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) El Greco Spanish, 1541 Domenikos Theotokopoulos was born – He died in 1614 Domenikos Theotokopoulos, called El Greco, which means The Greek was born in 1541 in Candia , now Irklion, the capital of Crete. In 1566 he was recorded in Candia as a master painter. He was an erudite man, whose taste for classical and contemporaneous literature seems to have developed in his youth. El Greco probably went to Italy to master the modern Western Renaissance style. He is documented in August 1568 in Venice, where he remained until the autumn of 1570, when he went to Rome. The rich colors and the free handling of paint of Venetian painters profoundly influenced him, but there is no evidence to support the tradition that he was apprenticed to Titian. In Rome, El Greco resided at least for a while at the Farnese Palace, where he became acquainted with the Farnese librarian, Fulvio Orsini, whose belief in the compatibility of art and scholarship seems to have profoundly influenced him. In 1572, El Greco was admitted to the Academy of Saint Luke as a miniature painter. Unable to obtain major public commissions in Rome, El Greco signed a contract in 1576 in Rome for altarpieces for the important church of Santa Domingo el Antiguo, Toledo. By July 1577 he had arrived in Toledo, and by September 1579 he had completed nine paintings for Santo Domingo. These works helped to establish his reputation as the most gifted artist in Toledo. The dissatisfaction of Philip II with the Martyrdom of Saint Maurice, which El Greco completed in 1582 for the church of El Escorial, effectively ended any hopes of royal patronage that he may have had. It is perhaps for this reason that he decided to remain in Toledo, where he had come in contact with a group of learned churchmen who appreciated his work. By 1585, El Greco appears to have established a corporate workshop capable of producing altar frames and statues as well as paintings. The decade 1597 to 1607 was ...

Old Testament law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old Testament law - Essay Example For instance, the story of Noah’s ark and the flood was found in Genesis Chapters 6 to 9 (What Christians Want to Know, 2012). The presentation was through various forms: (1) by the stories being told personally from parents and older relatives (who were previously acquainted with the story from the bible); (2) through reading it from a pictured bible; and (3) through the lessons shared by teachers on Christian values. The manner of presentation actually ignited one’s interest on the Old Testament law, particularly in emphasizing that God is all powerful and could make all things possible. The lesson learned from the story included realizing that man should avoid sin to prevent earning anger and ire from God; and more importantly, that good virtue leads to salvation. In contemporary times, the story of Noah was made into a film through Evan Almighty (Tubbs, 2011). As emphasized, it â€Å"delivers thoughtful messages about having faith and trusting God, even when we dont see the whole plan; and about persevering, even when the task seems hopeless—particularly when serving God might open you up to ridicule and public embarrassment. We are also reminded that we are but stewards of Gods wondrous creation† (Tubbs, 2011, par. 6). Another remarkable story was Moses and the Ten Commandments. The same story was presented by others through the same formats, as abovementioned, and through an old film that was shown such as The Ten Commandments which starred Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner, among others (Nash Information Services, 2012). These presentations assisted in enforcing the need to obey and adhere to the Ten Commandments as noted in the bible. They have consistently formed one’s personal framework for treating others and for acknowledging the presence of a Divine Power and Supreme Being. One eventually realized that these commandments are effective guiding principles to ensure that one abides by the expected set of

The Chocolate War Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Chocolate War - Case Study Example The war has also set back attempts by the world’s large chocolate companies to curb the use of child labor and help improve the lives of the people in the Ivory Coast by teaching them new farming techniques and business practices.  Worse still for the Ivory Coast, where the incomes of six million people – about 35% of the population – are linked to cocoa farming, is that chocolate companies may begin rethinking their reliance on the country amid fears of continuing political instability.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If things don’t improve,† says Anne Prendergast, an analyst with the commodities trading firm Refco in New York, â€Å"over the next five years one may see a gradual erosion of production from the Ivory Coast.†Ã‚  In the succeeding weeks the rebels and the government have made progress toward peace. The next several months are critical. If the Ivory Coast can begin to mend its shredded political and social fabric, it may be able to undo the damage already don to its cocoa economy. But if unrest continues, the situation could become dire for both the country’s cocoa farmers and the world’s companies.  The war turned any of the major cocoa centers in the western part of the Ivory Coast in the battlefields. Farmers abandoned their crops to flee the rebel advance. Iberian mercenaries fighting alongside the rebels seized the entire northern half of the country before French peacekeepers intervened to separate the warring sides. The prospect of further political problems spooks international chocolate executives. So far, no chocolate company has pulled out.

Structural Adjustment Programs in Developing Countries

Structural Adjustment Programs in Developing Countries INTRODUCTION Development economics can be divided into two broad categories which are neoclassical economics and structuralism. The structuralist sees the world as inflexible. Change is inhibited by obstacles, bottlenecks and constraints. People find it hard to move or adapt, and resources tend to be stuck. In economic terms the supply of most things is inelastic. Such general inflexibility was thought to apply particularly to Least Development Countries. Entrepreneurs were lacking; and communication was poor, this alleged inflexibility was married to the evident fact that production structure of developing countries was very different from that of developed countries. To achieve development it had to be changed rapidly. The sturcturalist view of the world provides a reason for distrusting the price mechanism and for trying to bring about change in other ways. If supplies and demands are very inelastic large price changes are needed to achieve small quantitative adjustments. Large price changes are disturbing both directly and also because they result in changes in income distribution, if the losers are powerful they may be able to resist the change through organized industrial or political action. Structuralism primarily seeks to provide a reason for managing change through administrative action. Structural adjustment is a term that is used to explain policy that are driving change in countries Economic relationships especially the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) towards developing countries. In one way or another are among the conditionalities imposed by the international organization, thus Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) these are programs implemented by IMF and World Bank in what is said as helping developing countries to survive in their economic failure but with conditions to abide to. The main objective of structural adjustment programs (SAPS) is to make economic changes to Governments of developing countries but with conditions the IMF and World Bank grants loans to developing countries to make these economic changes in their Economies. Initially Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) was created as a method of economic recovery from the second world war (WWII) it was a mechanism for dealing with the balance of payment (BOP) problems that resulted from the second world war which its effects in world economies as there was massive economic recession of late 1970`s and 1980s by this time many developing countries were adopting socialist or command economy, therefore IMF and World Bank aim was to change these countries to the other form of economy that is change these countries to free market economy or commonly known as laissez fair it was not easy for the IMF and World Bank to change these countries as there could be resistance to change that is why the World Bank and IMF decided to implement these policies. The main tools for economic changes which the IMF and World bank were implementing consisted of major changes in countries economic, the conditions imposed in order for the developing countries to get loans included the following:- Devaluation of currencies in relation to us dollars, Cutting or removing subsidies on products and services, Price controls on consumer goods or minimum wage labor laws are often removed (Bakker 1994), Liberalization of trade and privatization of public sectors, Encouraging Least Developed Countries(LDC`S) to invite multinational companies to invest in these least developed countries(LDC`S) Political changes from single party to multiparty political system late 1980`s Those were the main changes which the World Bank and IMF were implementing towards the developing countries which I am going to explain it more later, in general I am trying to gather more information to gain confidence about the contribution of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) towards these developing countries that is why Im conducting this study to assess the contributions of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) towards the economy of Tanzania. At the end of this study leaders will be able to understand more about Structural Adjustment Programs(SAPs) and its contribution in the economy of least developed countries(LDC`S) especially for the case of Tanzania. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF TANZANIAN ECONOMY AND STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPs) Tanzanian economy and Structural Adjustment Programs(SAPs) can be traced from when Tanzania got independence in 9th December 1961 when it was under the reins of late Mwl, J K Nyerere By this time Tanzania was under socialist economy, under socialist leadership from 1961 to 1985 enjoyed a peaceful socioeconomic environment however Tanzania is composed of many ethnic background but both were united by the national language of Kiswahili introduced by the late father of the national Mwl,J K Nyerere. In the late 1970`s and 1980`s there was economic failure in many developing countries especially Tanzania, making Tanzania among the poorest country in the world thus this is where IMF and World Bank started to provide conditionality to least developed countries(LDC`S) so that they can recover their economy. 1.2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BEFORE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPs) After independence the government of Tanzania was not prepared to control and guide the national economy as the system of control of the economy used after independence was that of the British economy. During this period the main products were law materials to Europe in consisted of the following cash crops such as sisal, cotton, coffee and tea in this period agriculture contributed more than 50% to Gross National Product (GNP) and sisal, coffee and cotton contributed about 60% to foreign exchange earnings (Taube 1992) In 1967 Tanzania implemented the Ujamaa policy of villagization by the Declaration of Arusha this program helped the villages with greater accessibility to input and output markets in our country it helped to improve the infrastructure in Tanzania such as transport system, water and energy supply together with health and education facilities. In 1978 to 1979 Tanzania went in a war with Uganda where Idd Amin Dada was Dictator in Uganda this war went off in 1979 with a lot of negative consequences to the national economy and wellbeing of Tanzanians together with the collapsing world market prices and it was this period when Tanzania was required by the IMF and World Bank to transform its economy from socialist economy (Command economy) to free market economy by trade liberalization and privatization of the public sector. Tanzania was doubtful to make this transition under the reins of late Mwl, J k Nyerere he was not ready to make this transition but because the country was in serious economic problems it started to implement the policy. Tanzania after negotiating with the IMF on a standby loan failed in 1979, due to this failure the country launched the first Self Guided National Economic survival program (NESP) in 1981 the objective of this program was conditional liberalization of the economy. In 1982 the government adopted a three year plan of SAP at first the program did not add any significant changes in the national economy. At the end of the fiscal year of 1984/85 Tanzania launched its significant economic reforms. The aim of this transformation was trade liberalization. The economic transformation consisted of some policy measures to be abided to these policy measures included the following (Taube 1992: Wenzel and Wiedemann 1989):- Prices of agricultural products were raised by 46-55 percentage, Cooperative unions for crops were formed, Depreciation of Tanzania shillings by 40 percent, Frozen government budget deficit at prior year amounts, Rise in government wages at an average of 29.9 percent, Domestic trade of food were liberalized, Elimination of subsidies both consumer price and agricultural subsidies, (Taube 1992: Wenzel and Wiedemann 1989) The own fund import scheme which allowed imports purchased with foreign currency deposited was initiated. Those measures were welcomed by international donors as the first step towards economic development, although those measures affected the economic performance with very little margin. 1.3 THE ORIGIN OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM IN TANZANIA FROM 1986 Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) started in 1986 it was welcomed by the new political leader, it is when Ali Hassan Mwinyi was a president after 24 years of the rule of Mwl Julius K Nyerere the new Government adopted a three year ERP (1987/88-1989/90, the main objective of ERP was to increase growth rate per capital income, a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) target growth of 4.5% and reduce inflation bellow 10% 1.4 TANZANIAN ECONOMY Tanzania is among the poorest countries in the world Economies in terms of per capital income. Tanzanian economy depends heavily on agriculture, which contributes more than 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. Climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzanias out-of-date economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Long-term growth through 2005 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported a positive growth rate, despite the world recession. Tanzanian economy Through Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the end of 2009 consist of the main three sectors namely Agriculture, industry and service sector where agriculture contributes 26.6%, industry sector contributes 22.6% and services sector contributes 50.8% to the national economy, in general service sector contributes more than any other sector in the national economy consider the following figure:- Source:-www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/Tanzania/tanzania_economy.html 2. THE CONTRIBUTION OF STRUCTURAL ADJASTMENT PROGRAM TO THE ECONOMY OF TANZANIA Following the above explanations I will now turn my focus by discussing the contribution of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) to the economy of Tanzania; the introduction of structural adjustment programs (SAPS) in Tanzania has a lot of advantages and disadvantages to the national economy. Starting with the Economic recovery program (ERP) of 1987/88-1989/90 financial year of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPS) the following are the Advantages of structural adjustment programs (SAPS) in Tanzania. 2.1 IMPROVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE One of the objective of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPS) in 1985/86 was to increase the output of food and export crops that is to say cash crops this was possible by improving the market structure for these crops not only this but also providing more incentives for production. Today even in the past ,agriculture is still the back born of our national economy thus improving agriculture was the only way to help Tanzanians because about 80 percent of the population of Tanzania are living in rural area where agriculture is taking place thus many Tanzanians could benefit much from this program. Initially the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) responded positively gross domestic product increased from 21.8 to 25.3 to 40.6 percent during 1990-1992. As seen on the Annual growth rate of GDP at factors costs, 1989-99 figure 2.1 below. From the above agricultural sector contributes 552 of the gross domestic product Percent, from the above figure it shows gross domestic product falls much in 1994 because of the government reduced effort to implement the structural adjustment programs(SAPs) measures following this the IMF and World Bank withdraw from supporting the government and even other donor countries refused to give grants/loans, again the country performance shows to fall down in the year 1998 this fall in economic performance was due to poor weather condition at the end of 1998 elnino rainfall lead to the destruction of peoples properties and crops as agriculture is the back born of the national economy, it lead to the poor performance thus low gross domestic product, not only agriculture was affected but even other economic activities were badly affected. 2.2 IMPROVEMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE OF TANZANIA Early 1986 structural adjustment programs (SAPS) through Economic Recovery Program the IMF and World Bank started among other measures to improve the Tanzanian infrastructure through rehabilitation of the existing infrastructure which were inherited from the colonial government, there were need for improving these infrastructures because they were in bad conditions, and they included roads, railway, airports and harbors. The main importance of infrastructure is for fostering the economic development in our country together with making the country more accessible in all regions. Road infrastructure helps to make transport and communication so smooth in a country, making agricultural activities to grow and expand the market from rural areas to urban areas and together with making exportation of cash crops abroad so easy. As Tanzania was transforming its economies from command economy to free market economy that is privatization in place where private investors are increasingly investing in the country, infrastructure is one of the ingredients of the national economy. These infrastructure were improved in this phase from 1995-2000 and 2001-2005 Tanzania transport network have improved significantly. Today if you want to travel from any part of Tanzania you can reach without any problem this is the success of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and the Government at large because structural adjustment programs (SAPs) cannot be able to run itself. 2.3 PROVIDING GREATER SUPPORT FOR PRIMARY EDUCATION AND BASIC HEALTH SERVICES One of the major areas which the structural adjustment programs (SAPS) contributed to the national economy was for funding for these basic needs of human beings, providing education and health services is one way of developing the nation and making the country more productive, further more is the way for preparing the country for future development. If we compare from when the country got independence, now primary education have changed a lot even the number of primary school and secondary school have increased in 1980`s we were speaking of one school in each district by those years they were known as middle schools but nowadays every ward is having at least two secondary school as from 2005 to date and a lot of primary schools approximately every village is having its primary school in Tanzania today, this is also the contribution of structural adjustment programs(SAPs). 2.4 TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND PRIVATITATION OF PUBLIC SECTORS Starting from 1985/86 among conditionalities imposed by the IMF and World Bank was to change the country economy that is change to free market economy together with privatization of public sector in Tanzania, privatization lead to many advantages some of them includes, recovery of dead industry increase national output as I remember in 1978/79 Tanzania experienced a lot of Economic problems as the country were coming from the war with Uganda. Generally the world economy was down, trade liberalization was like an incentive to attract many external and internal investors to come and invest in Tanzania indeed the number of investors increased and the national output increased too, not only that but also trade liberalization lead to removal of many trade barriers such price and market reforms, tariffs, embargoes, custom duties and other duties. Trade liberalization was preparing Tanzania and other developing countries to the system of open market where the forces of demand and supply are the only determinant of price in the market, therefore the government is not supposed to interfere in any matter, farther more, it also lead to freedom of expression which later I am going to discuss, through freedom of expression the country also lead to change in the political system from single party system to multiparty political system which I see as development. 2.5 TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SYSTEM IN 1985 In 1985 Tanzania changed its political system from socialist economy to free market economy this decision come as a result of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in order to make the economy more free from government intervention, the transformation went together with trade liberalization. The political transformation was successful in 1985 but the first election under multiparty election was in 1995 were the first president elected was Benjamin William Mkapa who were the first president to implement the Structural Adjustment Programs(SAPs) seriously than any other president. By transforming the political system it had many merits including the country performed poor the public could question about what went wrong, not only that but also it introduced in the country the rule of law and freedom of expression both of these are very important ingredients of economic development in any country, rule of law and freedom of expression are the foundation of peace and security in any country failure to have rule of law and freedom of expression it can lead to retardation in countries economic development. Thus the current economic development is a result of the peace and security 2.6 GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD MARKET Trade liberalization of 1980`s lead to the world market as a single market that is to say globalization is the process of making the world as a single village where through technology communication makes integration and linkage in the world market wherever you are you can be able to communicate and make business by using your mobile phone, as evidenced today many people have mobile phone, to date a lot of transactions are done using a mobile phone, including bank transactions, saving money for any emergency (Vodacom and Tigo service known as M-Pesa and Tigo Pesa). Today you can transact via mobile phone, all these are the results of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) through the effort of IMF and World Bank is through liberalization which attracts foreign investors to invest in developing and developed country as a result of integrations in the world market it also lead to the growth of industrial and financial sector. At the same time Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) creates conditions for developed country to exploit by the process known as neo-colonialism. 3. THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPs) Structural Adjustment Programs apart from having advantages it has a lot of negative consequences of which the SAPs measures and conditionalitys imposed to developing countries including Tanzania perhaps that is why our late Mwl.J K Nyerere was reluctant to implement the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Mwalimu thought about the fund and World Bank to set conditions for future financial support he saw it as infringement on Tanzania`s national sovereignty. On the other hand devaluation of currency Nyerere argued that it would be political suicide and could lead to riots in the street. The following are the negative consequences of Structural Adjustment Program (SAPs) in Tanzania today:- 3.1 REMOVAL OF INPUT SUBSIDIES Before the introduction of structural adjustment programs in Tanzania late 1970`s farm inputs were highly subsidized making these inputs available at a cheaper price and even the agricultural produce were available at low price, but after introducing structural adjustment programs in 1980`s, things changed subsidies were removed in 1984 they were not permanently eliminated but they were eliminated in phases but in 1995 subsidies were completely eliminated, soon after this elimination farm input such as fertilizers in combination with inflation lead to increase in prices and even farm produce shoot up unexpectedly. 3.2 DEPENDENCE THEOREM AND GOVERNMENT DEBT Introduction of structural adjustment programs in one way or another was the way of making least developed countries to become dependent instead of independence as seen from all these countries few African countries are independent, this is the evidence of those conditionalities imposed by the IMF through structural adjustment programs of 1986 in Tanzania. Perhaps this is a source of todays massive national debt, no country could say no to structural adjustment programs, as doing that was meaning that loosing the grants, loans and any other assistance from donor countries, thus the only way was to accept those conditionalities in order to survive from the economic problems. Generally structural adjustment programs are making conditions so that these countries are supposed to follow on the other hand it makes developing countries to have no say to developed countries. 3.3 DEVALUATION OF TANZANIAN SHILLINGS The main aim of devaluation of currency was to encourage exportation of farm production, but on the other hand devaluation of currency was affecting those farmers who were producing not for exportation and not only that but also the value of Tanzanian shillings in relation to other currency it was depreciating, the depreciation of currency has some big impacts to Tanzanians as it goes together with inflation in the country. Higher inflation in the country means harming the economy as the inflation of 1992 it caused a lot of problems to farmers as farm inputs were so high and even prices of goods and services were very high. 3.4 ELIMINATION OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL ON THE ECONOMY Structural adjustment programs through privatization of public entities to private sector lead the government to have little control of the national economy that is to say the decision about the price of goods and services are now left in the hands of the forces of demand and supply that is market mechanism to decide one of the major weakness to leave the market to decide is that the government have no power to decide on economic variables, even to control monopolies and other market failure, it does not mean that the government have no control it have control but not as much as it had during socialist economy, this is evidence that Tanzania inflation is increasing every year the government have failed to control this inflation. 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION From the explanations about structural adjustment programs (SAPS) contribution to the national economy of Tanzania I can be able to draw my conclusion by saying that structural adjustment programs have contributed much to the national economy where it was able to bring up new technology in our country in Swahili we call it UTANDAWAZI was possible to come in our country as a result of trade liberalization and privatization of the public sector. Late 1980`s the country were transformed into a new political system that is multiparty political system which brought about the rule of law and freedom of expression to allow individual to freely express their views about the national development it is a good news to us Tanzanians as now we can be able to express ourselves without fear from any one unlike during single party political system today in Tanzania economic development is a result of frequent critics from opposition parties such as CHADEMA,CUF,UNDP,TLP AND NCCR MAGEUZI just to mention a few. On the other hand structural adjustment programs have contributed much in building and extending the development in social services through the Economic recovery program (ERP). It has helped to rehabilitate the countries physical infrastructure, increase the output of food and export crops, increase capacity utilization in industry by allocating scarce foreign exchange to priority sector and firms. Structural adjustment programs not only contributed to the growth of national economy but in one way or another it has some negative consequences to the national economy such negative impacts such as removal of subsidies to farm inputs, devaluation of currency in relation to us dollars both of these lead to worsening the balance of payments of our country together with increasing the inflation in Tanzania. Lastly but not least structural adjustment programs lead to our country being a dependent to developed country, hence lead to increasing the government debt even today Tanzania is having a high rate of debt to many friendly countries these are the result of structural adjustment programs, not only developing countries are dependent to developed countries but also developed countries are dependent to developing countries for raw materials such as minerals, cotton, tea and other natural resources.

Battle of Kursk

In the winter and spring of 1943, after their terrible defeat in Stalingrad, clearly outnumbered and losing the initiative in the eastern front, Hitler and the German High Command were asking themselves what to do next, in the summer of 1943. The situation was bad not only in the war front. While Russian tank production increased to unbelievable levels, the German obsession for complex new super weapons, like the advanced but then immature Panther and Tiger tanks, largely reduced German tank production. General Guderian, the best German armor expert and commander, said â€Å"As interesting as these designs were, the practical result was just a reduced production of the Panzer 4, our only efficient tank then, to a very modest level. â€Å". Shortly before the battle of Kursk Guderian added, about the Panther and its crews, â€Å"They are simply not ready yet for the front†. In early 1943 the Germans were about to destroy their own tank production rates by terminating Panzer 4 production in return for a production of just 25 new Tigers per month, but at a moment of reason Hitler gave control of tank production to Guderian who stopped this idea. The German plan The debate in the German High Command about what to do in the summer of 1943 was between two options, the realistic option and the enthusiast-optimist option: * The realistic option, supported by Guderian and Manstein, the best German field commanders, and by others, suggested to compensate for the large Russian numerical advantage by fully utilizing the superiority of the German commanders and soldiers in tactics, command, and fighting, by a strategy of dynamic mobile defense that would cause great losses to the Russians in a series of local clashes. The realistic goal was to stop and delay the Russians, as decisive victory was no longer achievable. * The enthusiast-optimistic option, proposed by General Zeitzler, chief of staff of the German army, suggested to concentrate almost all German tanks, and other forces, to a major decisive battle against a large portion of the Russian armor, in order to destroy them and by doing so hopefully regain the initiative. The most suitable place for such a battle, as Zeitzler proposed, was the Kursk salient, a wide region around the city of Kursk, about half way between Moscow and the black sea, where the Germans surrounded the Russians from three sides. It was obvious that the Russians will keep a large tank force there, and the plan was to encircle them in a classic Blitzkrieg style pincer movement of German tanks from North and South and destroy them. Zeitzler's plan was code named Operation Citadel. When Hitler discussed the two options with his Generals on May 4th, exactly two months before the German attack began, it became clear that each of the two options had a major problem. The major problem with Zeitzler's plan to attack the Kursk salient, was that aerial photos clearly revealed that the Russians were building dense and deep fortifications there in order to counter such an attack, and that many Russian tanks were moved deeper behind the front line. Instead of an open battlefield Blitzkrieg, it was going to be a direct charge on dense anti-tank defenses. General von Mellenthin warned that such a direct attack will be a â€Å"Totenritt†, a ride to death, for the German tanks. In response to Guderian's worries, Hitler himself admitted that whenever he think of this planned attack, his guts turn. The major problem with Guderian's option was that it lacked the charm, enthusiasm, and optimistic hope for a major change in the war that Zeitzler's plan had. So the enthusiast Hitler decided in favor of Zeitzler's plan, and calmed his worries of it by ordering to delay the attack for a while in order to incorporate more of the brand new advanced German tanks and tank destroyers in it. The date was set to July 4, 1943. Once the order was given, the Germans prepared as best as they could. The entire region was photographed from above, the German commanders visited the front line to observe their intended routes, and the Germans concentrated all available forces in two armies, North and South of the Kursk salient, leaving minimal forces along the rest of the long Russian front. The German force included a total of 50 divisions, including 17 armor and mechanized divisions. These included the most powerful and best equipped German divisions, such as the Gross Deutschland (Great Germany) division and the Waffen-SS tank divisions Leibstandarte (Hitler's bodyguards), Totenkopf (Death skull), and Das Reich (The Reich). The Germans concentrated all their new armor, the Tiger and Panther tanks, and the mighty new Elefant tank destroyers, which had a front armor thicker than a battleship's armor. They also concentrated all available air units and artillery, and despite the problems of the German plan it was a formidable concentrated mobile armor force with great offensive potential. The Russian preparations Thanks to their â€Å"Lucy† spy network, which operated high ranking sources in Germany via Switzerland, the Russians didn't just expect the German attack, they knew all about it. They received the full details of the German plan, and the Russian military intelligence was able to verify most details in the front to ensure that the information was real, not disinformation. The Russians prepared eight defense lines one behind the other, and also positioned their entire strategic mobile reserve East of the Kursk salient, in case the Germans will penetrate thru all these defense lines, which indeed happened. The Russian plan was simple. First, they will let the Germans attack as planned right into their series of very dense defense lines, and after the German armor will be crushed there, the Russian army will start its strategic attack North and South of the Kursk salient and push the Germans West along a wide part of the front. The Russian defense was unprecedented in its density. A total of 1,300,000 Russian soldiers with 3600 tanks, 20,000 guns, including 6000 76mm anti-tank guns, and 2400 aircraft were concentrated in and around the Kursk salient. It was about a fifth of the Russian military personnel, over a third of the tanks and over 1/4 of the aircraft. They laid 3400 mines per each kilometer of the front, half of them anti-tank mines, and over 300,000 civilians dug thousands of kilometers of anti-tank trenches and other fortifications. The Russian lines were filled with numerous anti-tank guns organized in groups of up to 10, each group commanded by one officer and firing at the same target. The Russian camouflage was superb, the Germans said that until they were hit by them, they could identify neither the Russian mine fields nor their anti-tank gun positions. To avoid forcing the Germans to divert from their known plan, Russian air attacks were delayed until the German tanks already moved into the trap. The Russians were as ready as they could be. The battle of Kursk The German attack finally began, in the afternoon of July 4, 1943, as planned. The German armor spearheads, led by the most armored and most powerful Tigers and Elefants, advanced forward in the wheat fields toward the Russian lines. Then came wave after wave of anti-tank aircraft attacks by both sides, German Stukas attacked dug in Russian tanks and Russian Sturmoviks attacked the German tanks. The fighters of both sides engages in air combats over the battlefield, and each side's massive heavy artillery also fired. The advancing German tanks suffered rapidly increasing losses from the dense Russian anti-tank defenses, but pressed forward. Once the German heavy tanks reached into the Russian defense lines, they could finally be hit and destroyed from their sides, where they were not so armored as from the front. At this short range they also lost their superiority in long range firing from their powerful guns. In the North, the German attack advanced only 10km into the Russian lines in two days and was stopped, after losing about 25,000 soldiers and 200 tanks, but fighting continued. In the South, where they had stronger forces, the Germans sent all their reserves forward and pressed on despite the losses. On July 12, after a week of heavy fighting with heavy casualties in both sides, General Hoth, the German commander in the South side of the Kursk salient, decided to concentrate all his remaining tanks, about 600, and press forward with all their concentrated force deeper, past the last remaining Russian defense line, and into an area more suitable for tank warfare near the small village Prokhorovka. He didn't know that at this point in the battle, the Russian High Command already predicted this development, and since the German advance in the North was stopped, they could now safely send their armor reserve to meet the advancing German tanks in the South. The Russians ordered their entire 5th Guards tank army, which so far didn't participate in the battle, to hurry at maximum speed from its position East of Kursk to meet the German tanks advancing near Prokhorovka. Due to very bad visibility, with thick smoke and dust, when the Russian tanks met the German tanks the next morning, they didn't stop advancing until they were all around and between them, so about 1500 German and Russian tanks fought in a fierce battle of very short firing distances in which the Germans could not exploit their technological superiority in longer range fighting. The Germans lost more than half of their remaining tanks in this great clash which lasted eight hours, and the Russians lost greater numbers. The battle was decided. The next day Hitler ordered to stop Operation Citadel, and the Russians started their counter attack North of Kursk. After the battle The battlefield in Kursk was filled with many hundreds of burnt tanks and crashed aircraft, and so many dead soldiers. The difference was that while the Russians suffered heavy losses but could continue as planned and shift from defense to a large counter attack in a wide front, the German army in the East just lost the core of its remaining force. In the summer of 1941 the German army attacked Russia and was stopped only near Moscow. In the summer of 1942 the German army attacked in South Russia and reached the Volga river at Stalingrad before it was stopped, and lost the strategic initiative to the recovering Russian army. In the summer of 1943, in the battle of Kursk, the much weaker German army broke its fist and lost its best remaining units in its attempt to regain the initiative in one last major attack, for which the Russians were fully prepared. After the battle of Kursk, the war in the eastern front was a long Russian advance, in which the Russian army returned to all the territory it lost to the Germans, conquered all of Eastern Europe, and reached all the way to Germany and to Berlin and won the war. The Germans could no longer attack or stop the Russian advance, and were just pushed back in a long retreat.

How does Charles Dickens create an atmosphere of crime and death in ‘Great Expectations’?

In this essay, I will talk about how Charles Dickens creates an atmosphere of crime and death in ‘Great Expectations'. Charles Dickens was an English novelist of the Victorian era and was considered to be one of English language's greatest writers; he was acclaimed for his rich storytelling and memorable characters and achieved massive worldwide popularity in his lifetime. ‘Great Expectations' is a novel written and serially published from 1860 to 1861 in a magazine called ‘All Year Round'. Shortly after that, it was published as a complete novel. It was set during the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The Industrial Revolution brought in a major change in the economy and society resulting from the use of machines and the efficient production of goods. Charles Dickens begins the story in a graveyard. Immediately, we are introduced to the theme of death. The weather matches with the creepy setting. It links to death by using words like â€Å"raw afternoon†; the word â€Å"raw† suggests that it is painful. â€Å"Dark† suggests evil and death; and â€Å"flat† suggests something bleak. These words all enhance the gloomy setting. The main character Pip tells us about his parents and brothers who are buried in the graveyard. He lists the names of his brothers in a matter of fact way and this shocks us. â€Å"†¦and that Alexander, Barthlomew, Abraham, Tobias and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried†¦.† In the 1830s when the novel is set, half the babies died in infancy due to poor medical care and killer diseases which thrived in the appalling conditions within the society. Pip lists the names of his five dead brothers. This makes us think that the list is never-ending and highlights the presence of death. We are introduced to the theme of crime when an escaped convict by the name of Magwitch, jumps out from behind a gravestone at Pip. â€Å"Hold your noise!† At this point, he makes the reader feel frightened, as he starts to threaten Pip. Pip also sees a gibbet. â€Å"†¦a gibbet, with some chains hanging to it which once held a pirate.† A gibbet was where executed criminals were placed as a warning to others. It stands out on the horizon and looks particularly eerie in the gloomy night sky. Dickens personifies the sky to make it â€Å"angry†; the use of personification here alarms the reader because the sky feels extremely threatening. The sea is described as a â€Å"lair†; the use of the word â€Å"lair† suggests that the sea is a wild animal in a den. The wind comes rushing from the lair to get Pip. Pip becomes â€Å"a bundle of shivers†. The word â€Å"shivers† suggests fear and extreme cold, both of which and to an atmosphere of crime and death. In Chapter Three, Dickens describes the weather as a â€Å"rimy morning† and has Pip imagine a goblin that had been crying all night. This links to the guilt that Pip feels about the crime he has committed because he is upset and he feels like crying. â€Å"Rimy morning†, â€Å"very damp†, â€Å"damp lying on the bare hedges and sparegrass, like a coarser sort of spider's webs†, â€Å"the marsh-mist was so thick†, â€Å"the mist was heavier†¦.†, all these words tell us of darkness and crimes. Dickens uses a simile to compare about the â€Å"damp lying on the bare hedges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Dickens uses personification to enhance Pip's guilty conscience by using the weather, â€Å"the marsh-mist was thick† and â€Å"the marsh-mist was heavier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The mist is clearly a metaphor for Pip's state of mind. He is literally finding it hard to find his way to the convict but also feels morally lost because of his crime. Dickens writes about a â€Å"wooden finger on the post†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Dickens also uses personification to enhance Pip's guilty conscience at this point because he has committed a crime and he thinks that this signpost is telling him the only way he should go. â€Å"Like a phantom devoting me to the Hulks†, â€Å"that the wooden finger on the post†¦invisible to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Dickens uses personification by heightening Pip's mind as he is confused about the whole situation. The signpost has turned into a ghastly accuser. As the confusion in Pip's mind races on, he sees an Ox which was black â€Å"with a white cravat†. This Ox of Pip's mind notices him with the pork pie and recognises that the pie is not his. â€Å"A boy with Somebody-else's pork pie! Stop him!†, â€Å"Holloa, young thief!† With its clerical air, the ox seems like a vicar, accusing him of sin. In the beginning of Chapter Eight, Dickens described the Satis House like a prison. It â€Å"was of old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. Some of the windows had been walled up; of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred.† Iron bars are like prison bars and it is one of the places where you can't escape from. â€Å"There was also a large brewery† at the side of Satis House. This place was very idle. â€Å"There was also a large brewery. No brewing was going on in it, and none seemed to have gone on for a long long time†. Nothing growing in it signifies death and in this case, the large brewery consists of nothing but waiting death. At one point, Pip was beginning to feel cold as he went through the house. â€Å"The cold wind seemed to blow colder there, than outside the gate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This links to Pip's fear of going into the house. The more he has the feeling of becoming colder, the more he fears going into the house. He isn't really used to visiting anyone else's places except the graveyard and that's why he feels frightened of going in to the house. When Pip was about to meet Miss Havisham, Estella walked away from him and took the candle away with her. â€Å"This was very uncomfortable, and I was half afraid.† From Pip's point of view, he's afraid of the dark. He's always used to having light around him as he goes around but in this case, there was darkness; â€Å"No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it†. This stresses the presence of evil and death. Pip is alone when he sees a woman in the dressing room in Satis House. â€Å"In an armchair, with an elbow resting on the table and her head leaning on that hand, sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see†, â€Å"†¦ â€Å"†¦she had bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white. Some bright jewels sparkled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . White is related to ghosts and ghosts come from death. She is rich with faded dresses and her house is very old. Miss Havisham is compared by Pip to a â€Å"skeleton† and a â€Å"waxwork†; the word â€Å"skeleton†, suggests that Miss Havisham could represent the presence of death. The â€Å"waxwork† suggests something that there is something about Miss Havisham which appears real but is not substantial. The â€Å"bridal flowers in her hair† compares with her white hair and obvious age suggests something eerie and bizarre. In Chapter Twenty, Pip travels to London to see Mr Jaggers in his office. â€Å"I was scared by the immensity of London; I think I might have had some faint doubts whether it was not rather ugly, crooked, narrow and dirty.† Pip has never been to London before and he was so used to living in the Marshes, he had no idea what London might look like, as in that time, London was the busiest, most crowded towns of England. Pip goes into Mr Jaggers' room and was fascinated by what he sees in it. â€Å"Mr Jaggers' room was lighted by a skylight only, and was a most dismal place†. When the novel was set, electricity wasn't really invented at that time and the only light rooms receive is the daylight. â€Å"The skylight, eccentrically patched like a broken head, and the distorted adjoining houses looked as if they had twisted themselves to peep down at me through it.† Pip is intimidated by what he sees as he has never been to an office before. Pip also sees â€Å"some odd objects about†. The skylight is personified as a victim of an assault. â€Å"Old rusty pistol†; this suggests that Mr Jaggers is a criminal and has done many crimes with the â€Å"pistol† in the past. â€Å"A sword in a scabbard†; this suggests that he is very protective of his special possessions. â€Å"Several strange-looking boxes and packages†; this suggests that there might be a few hidden surprises that Mr Jaggers doesn't want people to know yet. â€Å"Two dreadful casts on a shelf, of faces peculiarly swollen and twitchy about the nose†; this also suggests that he is very interested in dice as to see in how it was created. Pip has also never seen these kinds of objects before in his life and he too, gets fascinated as he looks into them. Pip says that Jaggers' chair is like a â€Å"coffin†. We have a mental image of Jaggers emerging like a vampire from the coffin. Pip's experiences of the law are linked to Dickens's life: his father had been imprisoned for debt and he had been a court journalist and law clerk. The choice of settings such as the frightening graveyard and the introduction of dark characters such as the sinister convict, Magwitch create the atmosphere of crime and death. Dark weather creates a sense of crime and death in a lot of scenes. Charles Dickens sums up this novel as a crime and death genre. It is also a mixture of crime and horror as well as crime and death. A drunken court official offers to show Pip a public hanging place. This sickened Pip just as it did Dickens who campaigned against such humiliating events and wanted them to be banned. Dickens spent his life campaigning against poverty, crime and death. There was crime and death everywhere all around his time and he chose this genre to make his readers aware of these and to the fact that poverty played an important part which caused high crime rate resulting in unfortunate deaths.